Spatial distribution prediction for the ground water quality in Mosul City (Iraq) using variogram equations

The GIS-aided spatial interpolation was applied on collected groundwater data to predict selected parameters (i.e., pH, electrical conductivity, and temperature) for the water wells distributed over Mosul City in Iraq. A descriptive statistical analysis conducted samples explore indices. skewness test also employed distribution of sets around their mean values. natural logarithms function achieved least values thus transfer order adjust normality distribution. Among all semivariogram models, J-Bessel model optimal terms root square error (RMSE) average standard errors were 0.2217, 740.5, 1.209 EC, temperature, respectively.